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My Vision For The Future Of Science And Technology

My Vision for the Future of Science and Technology If our ancestors from the days of yore could see some of today’s innovations, they would proclaim them to be magic. The Congress of Future Science and Technology Leaders exposed me to such innovations and, in the process, to much of the STEM field. I now have a deeper understanding of a broad range of recent scientific and technological advances, and the challenges and opportunities they create. As a result, I have an idea of where I might someday fit into the research field. The speakers at the congress placed the majority of their focuses on health, technological innovation, and astrophysics. On the subject of health I learned, among other things, about the detection and treatment of cancer, and different means by which technology aids human health. Several speakers have made significant contributions toward the effort to eradicate cancer. Nineteen-year-old Jack Andraka created a method of detecting cancer that costs just $0.03, and Robert Langer, an award-winning chemist, invented nanospheres capable of distributing medications made up of macromolecules. Neither development was begotten with ease, however. When questioned, Langer said, â€Å"I believed in my ideas and I guess that’s how I got through it.† Rana el Kaliouby utilizes technology to help people. Her company, Affectiva, created software able to detect the emotions in one’s facial expressions. They plan to incorporate themselves into Google Glass in order to assistShow Mo reRelatedComparative Studies of Bladerunner and Frankenstein1157 Words   |  5 Pagesexplore some of the concerns of her time relating to the use of science and technology and its impact on humanity. Similar concerns are also present in Ridley Scott’s â€Å"Bladerunner†, a futuristic text which combines science fiction and film noir to present a bleak view of a future world overrun by technology and consumerism, but devoid of human emotion. Both these texts offer insights into the human experience namely between man and science and man and nature. In both these texts, the main concerns ofRead MoreMy Position And Responsibilities Of The Long Term Care Community1384 Words   |  6 PagesMy current position and responsibilities in the long-term care community are the motivational factor behind my enrollment back into school. As I reflect throughout the course, I realize that I had the ability and potential to excel in a leadership role. In module 3, we participated in the MindTools leadership assessment where I scored a 74 of 90. I scored strong on self-confidence and motivating people to deliver the vision. The areas that I needed to work on are: being a good role model, managingRead MoreEssay On Artificial Intelligence1470 Words   |  6 PagesArtificial Intelligence, an acronym for AI. It is a new technical science in the research and development of intelligent theories, methods, techniques and applications for the simulation, extension and expansion of human beings. In my vision of the artificial intelligence in the future, artificial intelligence can not only manage the daily life of people, but also can become one of the family members to the human beings, and enjoy the same equal human rights. Even we can embed the mind of diedRead MorePersonal Statement For The Long Term Care Community1369 Words   |  6 PagesMy duties in the long-term care community is the motivational factor in my enrollment back into school. As I reflect throughout the course, I realize that I had the ability and potential to excel in a leadership role. In module 3, we participated in the MindTools leadership assessment where I scored a 74 of 90. I scored strong on self-confidence and motivating people to deliver the vision. The areas that I needed to work on are: being a good role model, managing performance effectively, and providingRead MoreThe National Educational Technology Standards For Students, Teachers, And Administrators Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesLoui s University. Currently, I am enrolled in a course titled, Realizing Vision through Technological, Human and Financial Resources. The National Educational Technology Standards (NETS) are a set of standards sponsored by the International Society of Technology in Education (ISTE). I have explored the ITSE website and reviewed the NETS standards for students, teachers, and administrators. In this paper I plan on describing my NETS explorations and analyze the penetration level of each category atRead MoreSample Resume : Education Administration Certification Program Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesyour certification(s) in? My certification is Office Education. I have Master’s in Education Administration Certification program. I am currently taking my Dissertation classes at Grand Canyon University Doctor of Education Organization Leadership: Organization Development. Certified Army Specialist. Certified Pastor. Certified Person Trainer. I work with my brother in Biz/Rock toy business. CTE Program Information: Explain your CTE program and vision. How does your vision fall in line with a zeroRead MoreComputer Science As A Computer Programmer1645 Words   |  7 Pages For many years, I have been interested in studying computer science to become a computer programmer. Since I moved to the United States, my passion for computing developed while I was trying to find something to do keep myself busy after losing the freedom I had in my country as a child. My parents always said that I m addicted to my computer but what they never understood was why my computer was my best friend. Curiosity is the main reason. I ve always wondered how the internet is operatedRead MoreA PrincipalS Job Is One The Toughest Job There Is.If You1531 Words   |  7 Pages A principal s job is one the toughest job there is. If you have not taught you do not understand the educational system. I have this vision of how I will make positive changes that will affect kids lives forever, When I retire, I want to look back over my career and be remembered for the positive changes I made to my students and staff. I want to leave a legacy as one of the best principals that every worked in this public school system. I know the job is always under scrutiny and I realizedRead MoreThe Ict And Its Impact On Education1386 Words   |  6 Pagesterms of their future vision because they are blind to the rapid innovations in computer technology. We are coming from different background with different family economic levels. Not all of the young people are aware of this computerized system of the world. Not all are privileged with computerized cellular phones, iPads, iPhones and other technologies of the same categories. I am looking forward to how we can enlighten our young people to the extent that they can enrich their vision as per theirRead MoreThe Information Age963 Words   |  4 PagesGrowing up in the information age, everybody in my generation is influenced by computers. Not merely regarding computers as a toy or tool in my childhood, I was curious about the computer itself - how it works and what it can do for me. The first time I used programming was in primary school. 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The Masque of the Red Death and Symbols free essay sample

Examines short storys symbols of death, related to Ralph Waldo Emersons transcendentalist world view. The purpose of this research is to examine symbolism in The Masque of the Red Death by Edgar Allan Poe in connection with transcendentalism as articulated by Ralph Waldo Emerson. The plan of the research will be to set forth a definition of transcendentalism and then to discuss how imagery in Poes story can be discussed in relationship to Emersonian transcendentalism. Transcendentalism is the name given to a personalist metaphysics associated with the so-called Concord School of Philosophy, which articulated a recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses. In the transcendentalist view, there are certain laws of religion and metaphysics in the spiritual world that can be known even though not directly experienced. Because the mind makes intuitions, leaping from the . We will write a custom essay sample on The Masque of the Red Death and Symbols or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

Plan to conduct Theory based evaluation of tobacco control

Introduction Theory based evaluation refers to a list of policy arrangements, projects, organization as well as structure of administration in which practitioners and experts exchange ideas, lessons and methods applicable to the process of evaluation of a problem.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Plan to conduct Theory based evaluation of tobacco control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the success of a government agency in trying to control the levels of use of a drug such as tobacco is directly dependent on factors such as the reactions of the community towards the policies, availability of resources for implementing the policies, likely reactions of the authorities of the specifics areas and possibility of obtaining findings from the government( Blanke,2004). This is achieved through determining the causes of abuse of tobacco in the society and the methods of control that are believed to be capable of resulting into its control. This is followed by determining the steps that need to be monitored as the program is implemented and methods that can be used to develop the program for the control of the drug. Success factors are then listed and if the available data and information shows that the factors cannot be achieved, it is concluded that the project is less likely to be successful in accomplishing its objectives. There are various approaches that can be used to control tobacco consumption or production. This article provides a theory based evaluation of the success in applying these approaches towards control of tobacco in a community or a country (Pechacek, 1999). Discussion There are many goals for control of tobacco consumption in any country in the world. However, the major goals are reduction of consumption of the drug by under-age youth, reduction of exposure of adults and youth to tobacco smoking and monitor and assess tobacco consumption to improve complia nce. In order to ensure control, there are various approaches that can be used. This paper provides an evaluation of these approaches.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Construction of regional offices By constructing these offices, it will be possible to monitor drugs distribution to the youth, monitoring compliance with tobacco distribution regulations, regulating the levels of tobacco promotions, provision of management services for prevention, cessation, and education of the public to reduce the levels of tobacco consumption, build capacity organizations that empower the youth with knowledge regarding the consequences of tobacco consumption (Teh-Wei, 2010) This approach towards control of tobacco consumption has certain demands that will have to be met. For instance, it will be necessary to allocate resources for construction of these offices, training of extension officers to educate the people with regards to tobacco consumption and paying them. It will also depend on the readiness of the people in the community towards accepting the recommendations of the regional workers. The control process will be regarded a success if there is a possibility of attaining these demands. However, if these demands cannot be satisfied, the control plan is considered a failure. The role of Office of Policy and Strategic planning Tobacco control plan can also be achieved by creating the Office of planning and Strategic planning. This is an office that ensures frameworks and policies are developed to reduce tobacco use. It ensures a country is represented in international referendum and in creation of agreements that enhance international partnership in control of tobacco. Internally, the office analysts who take part in educating the public can be trained by establishing partnerships with stakeholders and advisory individuals or other agencies of government a nd experts from other areas of the world. The evaluation process is based on the capability of the office to accomplish these objectives. The success of the control program is dependent on their capability to control these objectives. However, this office has the capability to construct tobacco control policies that are informed, stable and focused on preventing excessive consumption of tobacco. Formation of offices of Regulation and compliance offices The success of control of tobacco use and manufacture is also another step towards control of its production and distribution, sales, labeling and promotion to ensure citizens are protected from health complications of tobacco use. The office is also responsible for developing regulations of tobacco production and monitoring the activities of tobacco manufacturing industries to ensure they comply with tobacco production regulations (Huey-Tish, 1990).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Plan to conduct Theor y based evaluation of tobacco control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The success of this approach will be dependent on the willingness of the government to provide funding for management of these offices and availability of government control over the manufacture and distribution of tobacco in a country. Formation of Office of Research, Evaluation and Surveillance This is also an office that can effectively contribute towards control of tobacco consumption. The level of control of tobacco use will be dependent on its ability to monitor and analyze the use of tobacco and its impacts on the health of the people in a country. Its success will also be measured by its ability to educate the people on the right way of behavior towards the drug and the economic and chemical impacts of use of the drug. Furthermore, its success will be measured by its ability to direct research on bio makers of tobacco and other toxic substances. They ensure Health Warning Messages are evaluated, tobacco sales data is monitored and research is conducted to estimate the level of exposure to tobacco our smoke. References Blanke, D., Vera, S. (2004). Tobacco Control Legislation: An Introductory Guide: NJ. World Health Organization, Huey-Tish, C. (1990). Theory-driven evaluations. London; Sage. Pechacek, T. (1999). Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs. DIANE Publishing. Teh-Wei, H. (2010) Tobacco Control Policy Analysis in China: Economics and Health. London; World ScientificAdvertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research paper on Plan to conduct Theory based evaluation of tobacco control was written and submitted by user Abb1ga1l to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Yitzhak Rabin Assassination

Yitzhak Rabin Assassination On November 4, 1995, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was shot and killed by Jewish radical Yigal Amir at the end of a peace rally in Kings of Israel Square (now called Rabin Square) in Tel Aviv. The Victim: Yitzhak Rabin Yitzhak Rabin was the prime minister of Israel from 1974 to 1977 and again from 1992 until his death in 1995. For 26 years, Rabin had been a member of the Palmach (part of the Jewish underground army before Israel became a state) and the IDF (the Israeli army) and had risen up the ranks to become the IDFs Chief of Staff. After retiring from the IDF in 1968, Rabin was appointed the Israeli Ambassador to the United States. Once back in Israel in 1973, Rabin became active in the Labor Party and became the fifth prime minister of Israel in 1974. During his second term as Israels prime minister, Rabin worked on the Oslo Accords. Debated in Oslo, Norway but officially signed in Washington D.C. on September 13, 1993, the Oslo Accords were the first time that Israeli and Palestinian leaders were able to sit down together and work toward a real peace. These negotiations were to be the first step in creating a separate Palestinian state. Although the Oslo Accords won Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres, and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize, the stipulations of the Oslo Accords were extremely unpopular with many Israelis. One such Israeli was Yigal Amir. The Assassination of Rabin Twenty-five year old Yigal Amir had wanted to kill Yitzhak Rabin for months. Amir, who had grown up as an Orthodox Jew in Israel and was a law student at Bar Ilan University, was completely against the Oslo Accords and believed Rabin was trying to give Israel back to the Arabs. Thus, Amir viewed Rabin as a traitor, an enemy. Determined to kill Rabin and hopefully end the Middle East peace talks, Amir took his small, black, 9 mm Beretta semi-automatic pistol and tried to get close to Rabin. After several failed attempts, Amir got lucky on Saturday, November 4, 1995. At the Kings of Israel Square in Tel Aviv, Israel, a peace rally in support of Rabins peace negotiations was being held. Rabin was going to be there, along with approximately 100,000 supporters. Amir, who was posing as a VIP driver, sat idly by a flower planter near Rabins car as he waited for Rabin. Security agents never double checked Amirs identity nor questioned Amirs story. At the end of the rally, Rabin descended down a set of stairs, heading from city hall to his waiting car. As Rabin passed Amir, who was now standing, Amir fired his gun at Rabins back. Three shots rang out at very close range. Two of the shots hit Rabin; the other hit security guard Yoram Rubin. Rabin was rushed to the nearby Ichilov Hospital but his wounds proved too serious. Rabin was soon declared dead. The Funeral The assassination of 73-year-old Yitzhak Rabin shocked the Israeli people and the world. According to Jewish tradition, the funeral should have been held the following day; however, in order to accommodate the large number of world leaders that wanted to come give their respects, Rabins funeral was pushed back one day. Throughout the day and night of Sunday, November 5, 1995, an estimated 1 million people passed by Rabins coffin as it laid in state just outside the Knesset, Israels parliament building.* On Monday, November 6, 1995, Rabins coffin was placed in a military vehicle that had been draped in black and then slowly driven the two miles from the Knesset to the Mount Herzl military cemetery in Jerusalem. Once Rabin was at the cemetery, sirens across Israel blared, stopping everyone for a two-minute moment of silence in Rabins honor. Life in Prison Immediately after the shooting, Yigar Amir was apprehended. Amir confessed to assassinating Rabin and never showed any remorse. In March 1996, Amir was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison, plus extra years for shooting the security guard. * World Pauses for Rabin Funeral, CNN, November 6, 1995, Web, November 4, 2015. http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/rabin/funeral/am/index.html

Definition and Examples of Dialectic in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Dialectic in Rhetoric In rhetoric and logic, dialectic is the practice of arriving at a conclusion by the exchange of logical arguments, usually in the form of questions and answers. Adjective: dialectic or dialectical. In classical rhetoric, notes James Herrick, Sophists employed the method of  dialectic  in their teaching, or inventing arguments for and against a proposition. This approach taught students to argue either side of a case (The History and Theory of Rhetoric, 2001). One of the most famous sentences in Aristotles Rhetoric is the first one: Rhetoric is a counterpart (antistrophos) of dialectic.Etymology: From the Greek, speech, conversation Pronunciation: die-eh-LEK-tik Examples and Observations Zeno the Stoic suggests that while dialectic is a closed fist, rhetoric is an open hand (Cicero, De Oratore 113). Dialectic is a thing of closed logic, of minor and major premises leading inexorably toward irrefutable conclusions. Rhetoric is a signal toward decisions in the spaces left open before and after logic.(Ruth CA Higgins, The Empty Eloquence of Fools: Rhetoric in Classical Greece. Rediscovering Rhetoric, ed. by J.T. Gleeson and Ruth CA Higgins. Federation Press, 2008)In the simplest form of Socratic dialectic, the questioner and respondent begin with a proposition or a stock question, such as What is courage? Then, through the process of dialectical interrogation, the questioner attempts to lead the respondent into contradiction. The Greek term for the contradiction that generally signals the end of a round of dialectic is aporia.(Janet M. Atwell, Rhetoric Reclaimed: Aristotle and the Liberal Arts Tradition. Cornell University  Press, 1998)Aristotle on Dialectic and Rheto ric- Aristotle took a different view of the relationship between rhetoric and dialectic from what Plato had taken. Both, for Aristotle, are universal verbal arts, not limited to any specific subject matter, by which one could generate discourse and demonstrations on any question that might arise. The demonstrations, or arguments, of dialectic, differ from those of rhetoric in that dialectic derives its arguments from premises (protaseis) founded on universal opinion and rhetoric from particular opinions.(Thomas M. Conley, Rhetoric in the European Tradition. Longman, 1990)- Dialectical method necessarily presupposes a conversation between two parties. An important consequence of this is that a dialectical process leaves room for discovery, or invention, in a way that apodeictic normally cannot, for the cooperative or antagonistic encounter tends to yield results unanticipated by either party to the discussion. Aristotle opposes  syllogistic to inductive argumentation  separately for dialectic and apodeictic, further specifying enthymeme and paradigm.(Hayden W. Ausland, Socratic Induction in Plato and Aristotle. The Development of Dialectic from Plato to Aristotle, ed. by Jakob Leth Fink. Cambridge University Press, 2012) Dialectic From Medieval to Modern Times- In medieval times, dialectic had achieved a new importance at the expense of rhetoric, which was reduced to a doctrine of elocutio and actio (delivery) after the study of inventio and dispositio had been moved from rhetoric to dialectic. With [Petrus] Ramus this development culminated in a strict separation between dialectic and rhetoric, rhetoric being devoted exclusively to style, and dialectic being incorporated in logic . . .. The division (which is still very much alive in present-day argumentation theory) then resulted in two separate and mutually isolated paradigms, each conforming to different conceptions of argumentation, which were considered incompatible. Within the humanities, rhetoric has become a field for scholars of communication, language, and literature while dialectic, which was incorporated in logic and the sciences, almost disappeared from sight with the further formalization of logic in the nineteenth century.(Frans H. va n Eemeren, Strategic Maneuvering in Argumentative Discourse: Extending the Pragma-Dialectical Theory of Argumentation. John Benjamins, 2010)- During the long interlude which started with the Scientific Revolution, dialectic virtually disappeared as a full-fledged discipline and was replaced by the search for a reliable scientific method and increasingly formalized logical systems. The art of debate did not give rise to any theoretical development, and references to Aristotles Topics quickly vanished from the intellectual scene. As to the art of persuasion, it was treated under the heading of rhetoric, which was devoted to the art of style and figures of speech. More recently, however, Aristotles dialectic, in close interaction with rhetoric, has inspired some important developments within the fields of argumentation theory and epistemology.(Marta Spranzi, The Art of Dialectic Between Dialogue and Rhetoric: The Aristotelian Tradition. John Benjamins, 2011) Hegelian DialecticThe word dialectic, as elaborated in the philosophy of Hegel [1770-1831], causes endless problems for people who are not German, and even for some who are. In a way, it is both a philosophical concept and a literary style. Derived from the ancient Greek term for the art of debate, it indicates an argument that maneuvers between contradictory points. It mediates, to use a favorite Frankfurt School word. And it gravitates toward doubt, demonstrating the power of negative thinking, as Herbert Marcuse once put it. Such twists and turns come naturally in the German language, whose sentences are themselves plotted in swerves, releasing their full meaning only with the final clinching action of the verb.(Alex Ross, The Naysayers. The New Yorker, September 15, 2014)Contemporary Theories of Rhetoric and Dialectic[Richard] Weaver (1970, 1985) believes that what he considers as the limitations of dialectic can be overcome (and its advantages maintained) through the use of rhet oric as a complement to dialectic. He defines rhetoric as truth plus its artful presentation, which means that it takes a dialectically secured position and shows its relationship to the world of prudential conduct (Foss, Foss, Trapp, 1985, p. 56). In his view, rhetoric supplements the knowledge gained through dialectic with a consideration of the character and situation of the audience. A sound rhetoric presupposes dialectic, bringing action to understanding. [Ernesto] Grassi (1980) aims to return to the definition of rhetoric espoused by the Italian Humanists to give rhetoric a new relevance for contemporary times, making use of the concept of ingenium- recognizing similarities- to grasp our ability to distinguish relationships and make connections. Returning to the ancient valuing of rhetoric as an art fundamental to human existence, Grassi identifies rhetoric with the power of language and human speech to generate a basis for human thought. For Grassi, the scope of rhetoric is much broader than argumentative discourse. It is the basic process by which we know the world.(Frans H. van Eemeren, Strategic Maneuvering in Argumentative Discourse: Extending the Pragma-Dialectical Theory of Argumentation. John Benjamins, 2010)

Marketing Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Analysis - Essay Example It also identifies the key features of the different elements of the marketing mix for the restaurant. The UK pizza and pasta restaurants market has significantly developed over the last decade, with new entrants every successive year. According to Hall (2005), the sector has accomplished significant growth which is demonstrated by the current annual sales of  £2 billion. The full potential of this market has not been achieved and therefore it presents an important opportunity for investment. The market is developing through a two tire chain whereby one chain comprises full service restaurants focused on high end products while the other is based on low cost products sold in casual dining and small takeaway outlets that also deliver packed products to clients. The market trends indicate a tendency for consumers to find it convenience to eat out rather than waste time preparing meals, which has also increased takeaway sales. Sporting events also significantly contribute to the takeaway pizza and pasta sales where people congregate to watch games such as the European premier league at home. Younger consumers are the majority in the pizza and pasta market. Constant innovations in the market leading to the development of new packages in the menu and price promotions are positively influencing growth in the pizza and pasta restaurant market (Cagan & Vogel, 2001). Targeting is a critical aspect of marketing whereby the entrepreneur identifies potential consumers that the business can effectively accomplish its objectives. Hall (2005) notes that youth are an important target in the pizza and pasta market as evidence shows they are the majority among consumers of fast foods. New entrepreneurs in the market can effectively target households with young children, university students and emerging professionals. Lewis (2011) also highlights middle and high income households as an important target for medium to high end products. This consumer segment

Personal Perception of Organized Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Perception of Organized Crime - Essay Example These enterprises are run and managed by criminals for the sole purpose of perpetrating illegal activities (Allum and Gilmour, 2012). Examples include various gangs and even terrorist groups. As can be observed, both definitions highlight organized crime as the perpetration of criminal activity with the aid of various, highly established mechanisms such as groups or gangs. However, the initial perception of organized crime prior to further reading was only limited to the portrayal of organized crime in the form of certain gangs. This implies that further reading brought exposure with regard to other forms of organized groups such as terrorist groups. In addition, cyber crime could also be considered as a form of organized crime. Characteristics of Organized Crime Organized crime has numerous characteristics. Organized crime behaviors are mainly highly structured and employ the differentiation of roles and operations. The system is, thus, involved in various illegal activities around the world. As mentioned, these crimes are perpetrated with the aid of groups of gangs whose membership is extremely loyal and committed to the set objectives. Thus, the characteristics of organized crimes involve many classifications as subsequently outlined. Violence and Intimidation Violence and intimidation represent a core characteristic of most organized crime behaviors. This implies that in the perpetration of organized crime, the criminal involved either employs violent behaviors or intimidation methods. For instance, terrorist groups may indulge in violent tendencies in regards to achieving certain objectives. On the other hand, other organized crime groups such as gangs may employ intimidating behaviors in the control and regulation of territories. Thus, innocent civilians or residents may be intimidated into compliance with certain operations with regard to the activities of the gangs. For instance, shopkeepers may be forced and intimidated into parting with certain amount s of money on a regular basis to the gangs. As a result of this intimidation processes, civilians may fail to testify against the gangs in court owing to fear of vindication. Thus, violence and intimidation contribute significantly to the thriving of organized crime in modern societies (Allum and Gilmour, 2012). Employment of Technology This represents an emerging trend in the perpetration of organized crime in modern society. Organized crimes have embraced technological advancements in the perpetration of criminal activities. Cybercrime refers to one of the examples of employment of technological advancements with regard to organized crime behavior. Through cybercrime, organized gangs are able to obtain sensitive personal and financial information using software applications. Information collected may, in turn, be used in the perpetration of internet crimes such as internet theft or internet fraud. Money Laundering Money laundering also represents a significant characteristic of or ganized crime behavior. Thus, billions of dollars are laundered annually by organized crime groups around the world. This process involves the exploitation of domestic financial institutions. The system is extremely structured and organized. This implies that various parties are responsible for the operations within the process of money laundering. Money laundering also employs a range of forms of technological

Alladin Essay Example for Free

Alladin Essay I enjoy going to the movies. My experience with movies began when my mom and dad first took me to watch Alladin(1992) a Disney feature film. I remember the long line of kids with their parents queuing up for popcorn and soda right before entering the darkened theater. If there was one word to describe how I felt and must have looked while watching what seemed to me giant cartoon characters dancing and singing on the big screen, I am guessing it would be spellbound. Nowadays, my affinity with the movies remains. To me theres nothing better than settling down with popcorn, a soda, and perhaps a slice of pizza and maybe some candy while waiting for the movie to start. For anywhere between $7. 00-$9. 50, I can spend about a couple of hours eating while losing myself in the story that I have stood in line for to watch. Theres nothing else for me to do but sit back, relax and enjoy the program†¦Or at least thats whats supposed to happen. Like most adult relationships, my relationship with the movies has come to be of a love/hate nature. While I still enjoy the films, often I find my reverie and trip to a state of mental suspension interrupted by the most unbelievable and dismaying things. For example, comedies are a favorite of mine. Whether through slapstick or the more sophisticated and witty comedies, I enjoy a good joke as much as the next person does. Unfortunately, when that next persons version of a laugh is loud and unrestrained and mixed with comments of Boy I sure didnt see that coming! that persists even after the funny part is through, it can rather put a crimp on my personal enjoyment. Date movies arent much better either. It can get rather difficult to distinguish whether the sounds Im hearing are coming from the film or from the row behind me. Ive noticed that in particularly mushy scenes, it is not unusual to hear sotto voce whispers of sweet nothings among the courting couples and giggling among the teenaged girls in the audience every time the lead characters would kiss . It can also be rather irritating when, in the middle of a rather climactic scene, some person s mobile phone would just go off ringing. Only three things can possibly happen then. One, the ringing is suddenly silenced by the apologetic offender hitting either the reject or off button. Two, ringing phone will be answered and Ill call you back will be quickly whispered. Three, offender will let the phone play out the whole of his ring tone too mortified to admit ownership of the ringing phone and practically ruining two minutes o or more of the film for the rest of the audience. Of course I havent even mentioned this very select group of people who just cant not take the call †¦ It can be unbelievable how important some people seem to think they are that they forget that they are intruding on the rights of others. And then there are also these people who seem to think that it is their sworn duty and obligation to provide a running commentary of the films story. For some reason, some people who have seen the film before and have gone to watch the movie again with friends feel obligated to assure their companions Dont worry. The bomb wont explode. Just you wait and so-and-so hero will arrive in just a few seconds. After which they proceed to detail how the hero or heroine will save the day. It can get rather tempting to just turn around and admonish them for this. If its not the plot spoilers, there are people who just cant keep their emotions to themselves. I remember one time when I was sitting watching the film Constantine (2005) and heard several screams of the word Run or Hide! in about five different languages from the audience. If I ever needed proof of how culturally diverse America has become, well there it was. Dont get me wrong though. Despite all these, my enjoyment of the silver screen remains. While I admit that there were a few times when I cheated and just opted for a quiet night at home with some select DVDs and some snacks on my sofa, I still go back to the movie theater. I suppose it can be viewed as a quirk of mine but I do miss the battle of wills I get into with my next-seat neighbor on who claims rights to the armrest separating our seats. I miss the stand off that takes place between myself and the guy behind me after I ask him to please take his foot off my seat back. All these things do not diminish my excitement of seeing the anticipation and enjoyment shared on the audiences faces including my own as the movie starts its magic with the flashing of its beginning credits. Most of all, I look forward to the many and various reactions among the audience as the final credits roll on the screen and the house lights come on. It’s sad that some people cant seem to fully appreciate the movie-going experience and treat it along with its audience with the respect they deserve. For me, despite the not so nice experiences in the movie house, the magic and excitement of going to the movies still exist. Our relationship endures and remains strong.

The sacrificial Egg Essay -- essays research papers

Chinua Achebe’s short story â€Å"The sacrificial Egg† illustrates the life of a young African native Julius Obi, and the arising conflicts between two cultures. This short story takes place in a very small village in Africa, called Umuru in the mid 1900’s. This young African Native, although no native of Umuru finds himself trapped between his own culture, beliefs and the westernized culture. Although Julius has embraced the western culture, after certain events he eventually finds himself coming back to his own beliefs. Achebe, uses these two very different cultures to demonstrate the clash it produces in this young men’s life and, how no matter how hard he has embraced the western culture he was always going to go back to his own beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The small African village in this story has being taken over by the western culture. Westernization is shown in the beginning of the story. â€Å"Julius Obi sat gazing at his typewriter.† â€Å"There was an empty basket on the giant weighing machine.† In these two quotes the typewriter and the weighing machine, odd objects for the African native of this village show perfectly how this town has being westernized. â€Å"Julius Obi was not a native of Umuru. He had come like countless others from some bush village island. Having passed his Standard Six in a mission school he had come to Umuru to work as a clerk in the offices of the powerful European trading company †¦Ã¢â‚¬ This quote shows how Julius has himself being westernized. Westernization wasn’t welcomed by many of the Umuru natives. The natives had long prayed for their town to prosper and grow. â€Å"The strangers who came to Umuru came for the trade and money, not in search of duties to perform†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This shows that people who now came to town, came strictly for business and money, which tells the reader how the town isn’t what it used to be. â€Å"And as if it did not suffice, the young sons and daughters of Umuru soil, encouraged by schools and churches were behaving no better than the strangers. They neglected all their old tasks and kept only the revelries.† This show how even the young ones of this village have being westernized to the point, where they completely neglect their own traditions and beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The small African village located on the bank of the river Niger has a story of its own, that only the old and wise are able to des... .... â€Å"He immediately set out for home, half-walking and half-running, for night-masks were not matter of superstition; they were real.† This shows how suddenly Julius, although westernized finds himself face to face with this culture he had decided to put aside. While running, Julius finds himself stepping on to something and realizes that he has stepped onto this egg, this egg that was brought for offering. Soon enough Julius finds himself onto the ground hiding from these night-masks fearing for the worst. You can see that Julius who had tried to run away from his old beliefs had finally come back to them and knew that by stepping onto the egg he had wronged Kitikpa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This story in general shows how people more often than we think forget about their origin, where they came from, and what their cultures and traditions are. â€Å"The trouble was that the disobedient youths had never yet experienced the power of Kitikpa themselves; they had only heard of it.† Julius being there that night had experienced the power of Kitikpa himself. He knew his life would now be forever changed. Julius was now going to respect these beliefs he had long forgotten about.

Giving Someone a Chance Essay

In the short story â€Å"War Party† by Louis L’amour there were many down sides to the story. Many people you can say they are afraid’ scared, or just do not like or want change. In the play Thunder on Sycamore Street by Reginald Rose, some people are not willing to give chance. They just criticize someone based on their past. In the short story â€Å"War Party† and in the play Thunder on Sycamore Street they are alike in many ways because it is all about not seeing how would that person feel and that some people do not care. It is really kind of just about them and them only. Nothing is wrong about being different. It is about whether you will accept it and trying, believing and letting something new into your life. Everyone should be treated the same. In â€Å"War Party† a women named Ma was treated differently because she can speak two languages. In these three quotes it says â€Å"Folks hate something they don’t understand or anything se ems different†, â€Å"We don’t want no Injuns in this outfit!† Mr. White shouted†, ma said â€Å"I am not an Indian, although I should not be ashamed of it if I were. They have many admirable qualities. However, you need worry yourselves no longer, as we part company in the morning. I have no desire to travel further with you.† These quotes represent that a woman is standing up for herself and what she believes in. She will not let someone put her down. One the other hand others are yelling and saying that they do not want someone different from them. They believe It is disrespectful and that Ma might be talking bad about them. In Thunder on Sycamore Street it shows in this quote how a man can b judged based on his past â€Å"Frank Morrison and Charlie Denton have learned that their new neighbor, Joe Blake, is an ex-convict. They persuade the residents of Sycamore Street, including Arthur and Phyilis Hayes, to come together I running the Blake family out of town.† Meaning that because Joe was an ex-prisoner and people are afraid he might do something to harm them. However, people do not understand the fact that he is changing and getting his life back on track. The difference between â€Å"War Party† and Thunder on Sycamore Street is how the main characters have expressed themselves (their actions). In â€Å"War Party†, Ma packed her bags and left to some other place. Although, in Thunder on Sycamore Street, Joe stood his ground and stayed. Everyone expresses themselves differently but it also shows the type of person they are. However, people should not judge them on what they have done unless they are still doing it. People should also respect them and leave them alone. Just give them a chance and may be just may be you might change your mind about them. They are not all bad.

Classroom Management Observation Essay

Did you view the elementary or secondary video? * Elementary 1. Observation and Description A. Describe the observed classroom routines.The class starts with the children removing materials from their desk to get organized. Having the children remove all materials from their desk to organize them according to size teaches the children to have respect for their property and others. Next, the children go on a classroom tour. She also discusses the procedure for signing books in and out of the classroom library. Next, she describes the procedures for if students want to borrow materials off the teacher’s desk. The students must always ask. Then, the children go over the schedule, so they know, what to expect throughout the school day. After that, the children learn the importance of attending school on a daily basis. Next, the teacher has the students’ line up. The first time students are required to line up; the teacher explains the procedure and the reason. Then the teacher discusses signing in and out procedures for going to the office, the restroom, and the nurse station. The students must sign out, print their name on the appropriate line, and circle the place they are going, then put the time, and take a pass. The students learn that they have more freedom in the third grade than second, because they no longer have to ask to get water at the water fountain and sharpen pencils, as long as there is no one else at the water fountain, or the pencil sharpener. Finally, the students learn the procedures for getting crayons and other materials. The same rules apply as long as no one is at the crayon or material station the students can go ahead and get crayons. The students must grab a basket, grab a handful of crayons for the basket, and go quietly back to their seats. This will decrease classroom interruptions and will gain a sense of trust between the students and the teacher. B. Describe the implementation methods of routines in the ob served classroom. The teacher implements the methods of routines as she would any other subject. For example, if the teacher were teaching math, she would describe it, explain it, and then have the children practice it. In the video, the teacher described to the students how they would line up, then she explained why they would line up that way, and then she let the children practice. 2. Analysis, Exploration and Reasoning A. Predict students’ level of engagement with the observed classroom routines.The students level of engagement is high the children are enthusiastic about learning what the teacher expects of them. Later in the school year, I predict that the student will have the same level of engagement as from the first day of school. The children will know what the teacher expect of them, regarding routines and procedures. The routines and procedures will become more of a habit. B. Analyze a possible purpose for the observed classroom routine. The purpose for the children removing all items from their desk and organizing them according to size is so that the children will know where all books and materials are at all times. This will decrease the amount of classroom disruptions, because the children will not have to go back and forth to their book bags and other areas of the classroom to get materials. The materials are in an organized area in the desk. 3. Connections to other teaching practices A. Explain the purpose of the observed classroom routines as they relate to the learning environment.The purpose of having the children take a classroom tour is to familiarize themselves with centers and materials so the children will know exactly where to go when they need certain things, which will cause less classroom disruptions. The observed routines relates to an improved learning environment for the classroomThe purpose for removing materials from their desk to get organized is to teach students to have respect for their pro perty, themselves, and others. Having respect for their property and others improves the learning environment because each student will strive to act in a respectable manner by having respect for themselves and their surroundings, which in turn, will decrease the amount of classroom disruptions. Next, the children go on a classroom tour. She also discusses the procedure for signing books in and out of the classroom library. Having the students sign books in and out of the classroom library teaches students the importance of returning items back to their correct placement, which relates to improving the learning environment because keeping items neat, organized in their correct placement is essential for a learning environment to thrive. Next, she describes the procedures for if students want to borrow materials off the teacher’s desk. The students must always ask. This teaches the student to never take anything without asking and again to have respect for their property and others, which in turn improves th e learning environment, if everyone ask before taking something of someone else. Next, the teacher has the students’ line up. The first time students are required to line up; the teacher explains the procedure and the reason. The teacher has the student to quie line up quietly, by size to see and account for all students as the students walk through the hall. This improves the learning environment because the teacher is responsible for the whereabouts of all students so seeing each child is important to have a successful learning environment. The students must remain quiet as they walk through the hall so they will not disturb other students. Then the teacher discusses signing in and out procedures for going to the office, the restroom, and the nurse station. Having the students sign in and out teaches how important it is to let the teacher know their whereabouts. This also teaches responsibility. It is crucial for the teacher to know the whereabouts of all students in their class at all times, having the students sign in and out keeps track of all whereabouts and the time, which improves the learning environment. The students learn that they have more freedom in the third grade than second, because they no longer have to ask to get water at the water fountain and sharpen pencils, as long as there is no one else at the water fountain, or the pencil sharpener. This creates a sense of trust between the students and the teacher, which improves behavior because the students will not want to abuse the trust. Gaining trust improves behaviors, and good behaviors improve the learning environment and give students an abundance of opportunities to learn. Finally, the students learn the procedures for getting crayons and other materials. The same rules apply as long as no one is at the crayon or material station the students can go ahead and get crayons. The students must grab a basket, grab a handful of crayons for the basket, and go quietly back to their seats. This will decrease classroom interruptions and will gain a sense of trust between the students and the teacher, which improves the learning environment. Students’ transitions many times throughout out the day, from entering school, to going to breakfast, to leaving the lunchroom, to entering class. Transitions between activities can be challenging and stressful for students, but with organization and key expectations, teachers will eliminate a lot of chaos during these transitions. K–8 Situations 1. Beginning of the day: Class is starting A. enter classroom, the children will find seat B. empty book bag, organize desk C. hangs up book bag, sit quietly wait for instructions to begin tasks 2. End of the day: Going home A. get book bag off hanger place books needed for homework in book bag B. clean up desk and area around desk C. Sit and remain quietly until the teacher calls your way of transportation 3. Transition between activities: Moving to centers A. At the signal (dims the lights) the students to end activity; students begin putting materials away for the current assignment. B. Students clean up and take out materials from next assignment C. when the teacher turns back on the light, students must be in their seat quietly ready to begin next activity. 4. Distribution of materials: Getting crayons off shelf A. makes sure no one is at crayon station B. WALK over to the crayon station, grab a basket, and take a handful of crayons C. return quietly to your desk 5. Field trip: unloading the bus A. get off the bus on the field trip, make sure you are with your partner B. listens to ALL directions C. stay in designated groups 6. Recess: Going to the gym A. Line up quietly for recess B. Walk quietly down the hall to gym or designated area for the day C. Listen for directions for activities for the day 7. Fire or disaster drills: exiting the building in the event of fire A. When the alarm sounds, the students will quickly line up in front of the door B. Listen for the teacher to call your row C. Walk quickly and quietly a line, listen for directions from your teacher What teachers do at the beginning of the school year to organize their rooms and establish a management system influences what happens throughout the rest of the year. Routines are the stamina of daily classroom life. The routines above are vital in order for your class to run smoothly. In the beginning of the day, when class is starting it is important for the children to enter class find their seat, empty book bags and organize their desk quietly so that the teacher can take attendance and notate how many children attended the class that day. At the end of the day, when the children are going home, it is important for the students to get book bag off hanger place books needed for homework in book bag, clean up desk and area around desk, sit, and remain quietly until the teacher calls your way of transportation. This is important so that all students to get home safely on the appropriate way of transportation. When transitioning between activities such as moving to centers, it is appropriate for student to end the current activity quickly to get started with the next. Time management is important throughout the school day since all activities are time-sensitive. When a student needs, materials such as crayons it is appropriate for the students to wait until the teacher call their row before proceeding to the material station. If a student needs crayons individually, then it’s important that the student make sure there is no one else at the station before he or she proceeds to get crayons. By waiting for the teacher to call your row or by making sure no one else is at the crayon station this will ensure the ease of all students getting material because this routine controls traffic flow in the classroom and will decrease classroom disruption. When the children go on a field trip and have to unload the bus it is appropriate for the students to follow all the routines so that the teacher and parent helpers can make sure all students are accounted for and no one is lost. When the children have recess and go to the gym it is appropriate that all students remain quietly and walk in a straight line so hallway traffic is controlled. The children should also remain quiet so they do not disturb other classrooms. Finally, in the event of a fire, it is appropriate that when the alarm sounds, the students will quickly line up in front of the door, listen for the teacher to call your row, walk quickly and quietly a line, listen for directions from your teacher. This will ensure the safety of all teachers and students.

Free Essays on The Bride Come to Yellow Sky

In â€Å"The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky† by Stephen Crane, you see the changing of Scratchy Wilson. When he first comes into the story he is depicted as someone who is the village drunk, he is calm most of the time, but every once in a while he gets drunk, and goes looking for a fight, mainly with Jack Potter. At the end of the story he is then greeted by Jack and his new bride and seeing this Scratchy calls off his fights. This goes to show that fulfilling your own life can affect more people then you know, and you have to act accordingly. At the start Scratchy’s fights disrupt the town, and he has a regular bought with Jack. He sees this as alright, and does not seem to be effected by what he does. But at the end when he is trying to pick a fight, he learns that Jack just got married, and he then comes to the realization that he is now going to be ruining his life with her, and calls off their rivalry. As a married man Jack is no longer the town sheriff, he is now a husband, he was no less of a person before this, but it took the marriage to make Scratchy realize it. At the beginning of the story we also see that Jack also has a conflict. He thinks that by bringing his new bride home he is going to ruin his life in the town for a short while. He almost feels ashamed for not getting prior approval of the townsfolk before running off and marrying. But at the end it is actually his wife that gets him approval. By brining her along, Scratchy â€Å"approves† of him, and therefore does not carry out with his intention of a gun fight. So Jack’s fear of acceptance was unfounded at the beginning, but plays a role at the end.... Free Essays on The Bride Come to Yellow Sky Free Essays on The Bride Come to Yellow Sky In â€Å"The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky† by Stephen Crane, you see the changing of Scratchy Wilson. When he first comes into the story he is depicted as someone who is the village drunk, he is calm most of the time, but every once in a while he gets drunk, and goes looking for a fight, mainly with Jack Potter. At the end of the story he is then greeted by Jack and his new bride and seeing this Scratchy calls off his fights. This goes to show that fulfilling your own life can affect more people then you know, and you have to act accordingly. At the start Scratchy’s fights disrupt the town, and he has a regular bought with Jack. He sees this as alright, and does not seem to be effected by what he does. But at the end when he is trying to pick a fight, he learns that Jack just got married, and he then comes to the realization that he is now going to be ruining his life with her, and calls off their rivalry. As a married man Jack is no longer the town sheriff, he is now a husband, he was no less of a person before this, but it took the marriage to make Scratchy realize it. At the beginning of the story we also see that Jack also has a conflict. He thinks that by bringing his new bride home he is going to ruin his life in the town for a short while. He almost feels ashamed for not getting prior approval of the townsfolk before running off and marrying. But at the end it is actually his wife that gets him approval. By brining her along, Scratchy â€Å"approves† of him, and therefore does not carry out with his intention of a gun fight. So Jack’s fear of acceptance was unfounded at the beginning, but plays a role at the end....

Ancient Syrian Facts and History

Ancient Syrian Facts and History In antiquity, the Levant or Greater Syria, which includes modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestinian territories, part of Jordan, and Kurdistan, was named Syria by the Greeks. At the time, it was a landbridge connecting three continents. It was bounded by the Mediterranean on the west, the Arabian Desert on the south, and the Taurus mountain range to the north. The Syrian Ministry of Tourism adds that it was also at the crossroads of the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Nile. In this vital position, it was the hub of a trade network involving the ancient areas of Syria, Anatolia (Turkey), Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Aegean. Ancient Divisions Ancient Syria was divided into an upper and lower section. Lower Syria was known as Coele-Syria (Hollow Syria) and was located between the Libanus and Antilibanus mountain ranges. Damascus was the ancient capital city. The Roman emperor was known for dividing the emperor into four parts (the Tetrarchy) Diocletian (c. 245-c. 312) established an arms manufacturing center there. When the Romans took over, they subdivided Upper Syria into multiple provinces. Syria came under Roman control in 64 B.C. Romans emperors replaced the Greeks and Seleucid rulers. Rome divided Syria into two provinces:Â  Syria Prima and Syria Secunda. Antioch was the capital and Aleppo the major city of Syria Prima. Syria Secunda was divided into two sections, Phoenicia Prima (mostly modern Lebanon), with its capital at Tyre, and Phoenicia Secunda, with its capital at Damascus. Important Ancient Syrian Cities Doura EuroposThe first ruler of the Seleucid dynasty founded this city along the Euphrates. It came under the Roman and Parthian rule, and fell under the Sassanids, possibly through an early use of chemical warfare. Archaeologists have uncovered religious venues in the city for practitioners of Christianity, Judaism, and Mithraism. Emesa (Homs)Along the Silk Route after Doura Europos and Palmyra. It was the home of the Roman emperor Elagabalus. HamahLocated along the Orontes between Emesa and Palmyra. A Hittite center and capital of the Aramaean kingdom. Named Epiphania, after the Seleucid monarch Antiochus IV. AntiochNow a part of Turkey, Antioch lies along the Orontes River. It was founded by Alexanders general Seleucus I Nicator. PalmyraThe city of palm trees was located in the desert along the Silk Route. Became part of the Roman Empire under Tiberius. Palmyra was the home of the third century A.D Roman-defying queen Zenobia. DamascusCalled the oldest continually occupied city in the word and is the capital of Syria. Pharaoh Thutmosis III and later the Assyrian Tiglath Pileser II conquered Damascus. Rome under Pompey acquired Syria, including Damascus.Decapolis AleppoA major caravan stopping point in Syria on the road to Baghdad is in competition with Damascus as the oldest continually occupied city in the world. It was a major center of Christianity, with a large cathedral, in the Byzantine Empire. Major ethnic groups The major ethnic groups that migrated to ancient Syria were Akkadians, Amorites, Canaanites, Phoenicians, and Arameans. Syrian Natural Resources To the fourth millennium Egyptians and third millennium Sumerians, the Syrian coastland was the source of the softwoods, cedar, pine, and cypress. The Sumerians also went to Cilicia, in the northwest area of Greater Syria, in pursuit of gold and silver, and probably traded with the port city of Byblos, which was supplying Egypt with resin for mummification. Ebla The trade network may have been under the control of the ancient city Ebla, an independent Syrian kingdom that exerted power from the northern mountains to Sinai. Located 64 km (42 mi) south of Aleppo, about halfway between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates. Tell Mardikh is an archaeological site in Ebla that was discovered in 1975. There, archaeologists found a royal palace and 17,000 clay tablets. Epigrapher Giovanni Pettinato found a Paleo-Canaanite language on the tablets that was older than Amorite, which had previously been considered the oldest Semitic language. Ebla conquered Mari, the capital of Amurru, which spoke Amorite. Ebla was destroyed by a great king of the southern Mesopotamian kingdom of Akkad, Naram Sim, in 2300 or 2250. The same great king destroyed Arram, which may have been an ancient name for Aleppo. Accomplishments of the Syrians The Phoenicians or Canaanites produced the purple dye for which they are named. It comes from mollusks that lived along the Syrian coast. The Phoenicians created a consonantal alphabet in the second millennium in the kingdom of Ugarit (Ras Shamra). They brought their 30-letter abecedary to the Aramaeans, who settled Greater Syria at the end of the 13th century B.C. This is the Syria of the Bible. They also founded colonies, including Carthage on the north coast of Africa where modern Tunis is located. The Phoenicians are credited with discovering the Atlantic Ocean. The Aramaeans opened trade to southwest Asia and set up a capital in Damascus. They also built a fortress at Aleppo. They simplified the Phoenician alphabet and made Aramaic the vernacular, replacing Hebrew. Aramaic was the language of Jesus and the Persian Empire. Conquests of Syria Syria was not only valuable but vulnerable since it was surrounded by many other powerful groups. In about 1600, Egypt attacked Greater Syria. At the same time, Assyrian power was growing to the east and Hittites were invading from the north. Canaanites in coastal Syria who intermarried with the indigenous people producing the Phoenicians probably fell under the Egyptians, and the Amorites, under the Mesopotamians. In the 8th century B.C., the Assyrians under Nebuchadnezzar conquered the Syrians. In the 7th century, the Babylonians conquered the Assyrians. The next century, it was the Persians. At the death of Alexander, Greater Syria came under the control of Alexanders general Seleucus Nicator, who first established his capital on the Tigris River at Seleucia, but then following the Battle of Ipsus, moved it into Syria, at Antioch. Seleucid rule lasted for 3 centuries with its capital at Damascus. The area was now referred to as the kingdom of Syria. Greeks colonizing in Syria created new cities and expanded trade into India. Sources: The Library of Congress - SYRIA - A Country Study, Data as of April 1987Supplemental: [www.syriatourism.org/] Syria - Ministry of TourismSyrian CitiesA Manual of Geographical Science: Ancient Geography, by W. L. Bevan (1859).

Writing Assignment - State of the Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing Assignment - State of the Union - Essay Example Therefore, this is the work of the Senate but he points out that it has failed to do so. The President claims that he will use all his powers to make sure that the systems work as required and promises that this will happen by the end of the year. In his proposal, he tells the chairman of the House committee to prepare a bill that is aimed to measure those crossing the US border illegally. The bill targets to improve the equipment and the technology employed at the Southwest border. As a response to the proposed law, Sen. Ron Johnson (R., Wis.) a Republican, who also is the incoming House chair points out that; there was an anticipation of advancing the border legislation with the aim of providing additional fencing, surveillance, bettering visa tracking technology and enforcing the workforce related to this department. The enforcement should be done by making the use of e- verify mandatory, coming up with a system for employers to check the validity of their potential employees being in the USA soil. The senator points out that, the stated measures would be a vital and important component of any prospected immigration reform like the one stated by the president in his proposal. Again, the president points out that, including specific border targets for security improvement is vital in ensuring an evident progress on the run to reforming immigration practices in the US. The president also says that, there is the need to improve the U.S worker programs so as to address the rising demand for workers from outside the country. These workers come into USA country to fill both high and low skill positions that the Americans workers lack. In his proposal to the Congress, the president also addresses the issue of immigration. He points out that, several reforms should be employed so that the tax collection process in the USA is streamlined. The president talked about

What I did during my internship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

What I did during my internship - Essay Example I was later introduced to everyone who I would be working closely within athletics and later told me about his career path and how he got started. Mr. Brave resume displayed that he had lots of experience in the production field. He’s started learning the production end of television at an early age of 13. I was given a tour of all of the athletics facilities on campus and I was also taught about all the different machines and their functions. Every facility had something unique about them and most of the facilities had to share a lot of the same equipment as well. Later during that week I found out that I was going to be working about baseball and softball games. I would be assisting in enabling people to follow USF softball and baseball games from home which I found exciting because I have always been a sports fan. As my passion for the game continued to develop, it lead me into a field that I never thought I had an interest for, which is sports reporting. Things started to get busy on my second week of internship. I began getting hands on doing editing with the aid of Final Cut Pro. I have had prior experience using final cut pro while taking broadcast news, but it was during the internship that I was really able to develop my editing skills. My broadcast news professor was not very skilled in this application and so although I was familiar with the basics, getting hands on was the best way to really understand how it works. It was during my second week that I was asked to put together a highlight film for the men’s and women’s basketball team. I found it really interesting because I am a basketball fan, and I totally understand the game and this kind of sport in general. I also know most personalities behind the industry. I went about finding important clips and editing them to craft a story that is both interesting and compelling to the

Purchasing power parity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Purchasing power parity - Essay Example bsolute purchasing power parity to distinguish it from a related theory relative purchasing power parity, which predicts the relationship between the two countries relative inflation rates and the change in the exchange rate of their currencies (Wikipedia, 2006). It is important in international economics for at least three reasons. First, it provides a particularly simple theory of exchange rate determination: it predicts that, if the relative price of two currencies is flexible, then it will adjust to equal the ratio of their price levels. Second, if this kind of adjustment does not take place, the ratio of price levels can nonetheless provide a reference point against which the current exchange rate can be deemed to be "under- or over-valued" relative to its PPP level. Finally, irrespective of whether PPP will ever occur in practice, deviations from it must be taken into account in making international and interregional comparisons of real income (Neary, 2004). The theory assumes that the actions of importers and exporters, motivated by cross country price differences, induces changes in the spot exchange rate. In another vein, PPP suggests that transactions on a countrys current account, affect the value of the exchange rate on the foreign exchange market. This contrast with the interest rate parity theory which assumes that the actions of investors, whose transactions are recorded on the capital account, induces changes in the exchange rate (Suranovic, 1999). Although earlier studies, like Froot and Rogoff (1995) had reported evidence of short run violations, many economists as Mc Donald (1996), Wu (1996) and others still hold the view that over the long run, relative price may move in proportion to the nominal exchange rate so that the real exchange rate will revert to its parity. Hence, it becomes important to test PPP as a long run relationship. PPP theory is based on an extension and variation of the "law of one price" as applied to the aggregate

Communication Satellites And Computer Networks

Communication Satellites And Computer Networks A communication satellite which is sometimes abbreviated to COMSAT is an artificial satellite to engage in space for the purpose of telecommunications. Modern communication satellites use different orbits including geostationary orbits, Molina orbits, other elliptical orbits and low earth orbits. They are also used for mobile applications such as communications to ships, vehicles, planes and hand held terminals and for TV and radio broadcasting, for which application of other technologies such as cable is impractical or impossible. HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION SATELLTES The first artificial satellite was the soviet sputnik 1, launched on October 4, 1957, and equipped with an onboard radio transmitter that worked on two frequencies, 20.005 and 40.002 MHz The first American satellite to relay communication was project score in 1958, which used a tape recorder to store and forward voice messages. It was used to send messages like greetings etc. After that NASA launched an Echo satellite in 1960. Telstar was the first active, direct relay communications satellite. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTER NETWORKS. A multi-node, satellite communication system employing a modified broadcast system is disclosed for used with distributed computer networks. The system involves a plurality of network nodes (computer systems) each capable of transmitting to any other node at a single unique frequency, but capable of receiving from all other nodes simultaneously. Each node in the n-node network comprises a single transmitter with up to n-1 receivers, with each node capable of arbitrating a plurality of requests for transmission access. The invention encompasses a method for communicating digital information in a network of geographical distributed computers. GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES A satellite in a geostationary orbit appears to be in a fixed position to an earth-based observer. In 1945, Arthur C. Clarke describes a complete communication system that used manned geostationary satellites, including the orbits, solar panels, radio frequencies and launch procedures. But it was failed, because these satellites were impractical due to the impossibility of putting power-hungry, fragile, vacuum tube amplifiers into orbit. The first communication satellite, Telstar was launched in July 1962. Then communication Satellites have become a multibillion dollar business and the only aspect of outer space that has become highly portable. These high-flying satellites are called GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) satellites. Geostationary satellites space much closer than 2 degrees in the 360-degree equatorial plane, to avoid interference. With a space of 2 degrees, there can only be 360/2 =180 of these satellites in the sky at ones. However, each transponder can use multiple frequ encies and polarization to increase the available bandwidth. Modern satellite was weighing up 4000kg and consuming several kilowatts of electric power produced by the solar panels. ITU has allocated certain frequency bands to satellite users. The main bands are listed as C band was the first to be designated for commercial satellite traffic and the upper case one for uplink traffic. To allow traffic to go both ways at the same time, two channels is required, one going each way. These bands are overcrowded because they are also used by the common carriers for terrestrial microwave links. The L and S bands were added by international agreement in 2000. Band Downlink Uplink Bandwidth Problems L 1.5GHZ 1.6GHZ 15MHZ Low bandwidth; crowded S 1.9GHZ 2.2GHZ 70MHZ Low bandwidth; crowded C 4.0GHZ 6.0GHZ 500MHZ Terrestrial interference Ku 11GHZ 14GHZ 500MHZ Rain Ka 20GHZ 30GHZ 3500MHZ Rain, equipment cost The next highest band available to commercial telecommunication carriers is the Ku band. Bandwidth allocated in the Ka band for commercial traffic, but the equipment needed to use it is still expensive. A modern satellite has around 40 transponders, each with an 80-MHZ band width. The first geostationary satellites had a single beam that illuminated about 1/3 of the earthà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s surface called footprint. MEDIUM-EARTH ORBIT SATELLITES MEO (Medium-Earth Orbit) satellites tracked as move through the sky. These are lower than GEOs; they have smaller footprint on the ground and require less powerful transmitters to reach them. LOW-EARTH ORBIT LEO (LOW EARTH ORBIT) satellite due to their rapid motion, large numbers of them is needed for a complete system. In this section we will examine, two aimed at voice communication and one aimed at internet service. LEO earth satellites are less expensive to launch into orbit than geostationary satellites. A grou8p of satellites working in concert is a Satellite constellation. GLOBAL STAR An iridium alternative design is global star. It based on 48 LEO satellites. But it uses a different switching scheme than that of iridium. Global star uses a traditional bent-pipe design. The call originating at the North Pole is sent back to earth and picked up by the large ground station at Santaà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Workshop. The call is routed via a terrestrial network to the ground station nearest the cal lee and delivered by a bent-pipe connection. The advantage of global star scheme is that it puts much of the complexity on the ground, where it is easier to manage. MOLNIYA ORBIT The Molniya orbit is designed so that the satellite spends the great majority of its time over the far northern latitudes, during which its ground footprints moves only slightly. Its period is one half day, so that the satellite is available for operation for eight hours every second revolution. The Molniya satellites are typically used for telephony and TV services over Russia. HOW SATELLITE COMMUNICATION WORKS? The concept of satellite based network is to transmit and receive signal from ground stations. The purpose of satellite communication is to use it for video transmission and sharing. In simple words a satellite is a device which revolves around the earth either for collecting useful information or for helping transfer of information. HOW DO SATELLITES COMMUNICATE? Satellites communicate through a complex system of telemetry that connects and transmits signals between satellites and earth-bound stations. This system begins with telemetry, tracking and command (TTC) subsystem which tracks and directs signals. TTC produces signal that are directly commensurable to the quantity that is being measured, encoding and transmitting these signal to distant stations on earth. APPLICATIONS OF COMMUNICATION SATELLITES The applications of communication satellites are, Telephone Satellite Television Fixed Service Satellite Direct Broadcast satellites Satellite radio Mobile satellite technologies Amateur radio Satellite internet Military uses Navigation TELEPHONE The first application for communication satellites was in intercontinental long distance telephony. The public switched telephone network relays telephone calls from landline telephones to an earth station where they are transmitted to geostationary satellite. SATELLITE TELEVISION The satellite television is relatively few signals of large band width to many receivers being a more precise match for the capabilities of geosynchronous comsats. Two satellite types are used for North American Television and radio that are Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) and Fixed Service Satellite (FSS). DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE It is a communication satellite that transmits to small DBS satellite dishes. It is usually 18 to 24 inches or 45 to 60 cm in a diameter. SATELLITE RADIO A Satellite radio offers audio services in some countries, mostly in United States. Mobile services allow listeners to roam a continent, listening to the same audio programming anywhere. A Satellite radio or subscription radio(SR) is a digital radio signal that is broadcast by a communications satellite, which covers a much wider geographical range than terrestrial radio signals. MOBILE SATELLITE TECHNOLOGIES Initially available for broadcast to stationary TV receivers. Some manufactures have introduced special antennas for mobile reception of DBS television. Such mobile DBS antennas are used by jet-blue Airways for Direct TV, which passengers can view on board on LCD screens mounted in the seats. CONCLUSION Communication satellite has really paved way for many technologies to emerge and its advance in technology radically reduces the cost of deploying a satellite. Users of satellite systems will benefit from new service options and stability in terms current satellites and their replacement. It is very useful to economics of constructing and operating communication satellites. To conclude, I was really benefited by getting more knowledge by doing this assignment by researching on Communication satellite.

Victorian Schoolmistress :: Victorian Era

Victorian Schoolmistress Education It was preferred that the schoolmistresses were certified, particularly to work in the better schools during the latter half of the 19 th century. To become certified they were tested in grammar, geography, history, math, and writing from dictation. Additionally, their handwriting was analyzed for readability (Jackson). Appearance of Schoolhouse The focus on the appearance of the schoolhouse was mainly limited to the private schoolhouses, which wanted to attract the best students. Schoolmistresses decorated the school so that they looked relatively well-off, and conducted the school to give the appearance of a family/domestic setting. Unlike the public schoolhouses, the private schoolhouses aimed to attract a small number of the best students, whereas the public schools wished to attract enough students so as to collect an adequate amount of money for their salaries and other extraneous fees (Pederson 142). Salaries Generally, the pay was rather poor, barely ever being more than  £300 per annum. From this, lodging fees, repairs, taxes, and payment to assistants was removed, causing the profit for personal expenses to be well below  £100. Their salaries were garnered from the payments of their students. At the best boarding schools,  £70 for boarders and  £20 for day students was average. Conversely, in the poorer boarding schools,  £3 to  £10 was the average (Pederson 141). Public vs. Private School Lessons The public schools looked towards the public sphere for inspiration and trained students to be productive in the world and focused on their academics. On the other hand, the private schools tended to celebrate a life of leisure in the private setting. However, in public and private schools, music, French, arithmetic, writing and reading were the core subjects. Greater emphasis was put on domestic subjects and lessons were only taught to the point of being satisfactory in a social setting (Pederson 138, 144). The Typical Day in a Girls’ Boarding School 7:00 – Wake Up 8:00 – Breakfast is Ready, Usually Including Meat 9:00 or 9:30 – Day’s Studies Begin Noon – Girls Take a Walk After Having a Slice of Bread and Butter Dinner Follows the Walk 3:00 – Studies Continue Until 5:00 or 5:30

Business Communication Essay

To communicate with others, to convince and to find the compromise, to listen and speak – those are what the life consists of and the business life especially. Without those important skills no success may be reached, and people gain these skills and improve them during their whole life. I think nobody can remain indifferent to the relations between people, their behaviour and their individuality. It is no matter who are you – the manager of giant corporation or, let’s say, a low-paid employee in a small office – if you are involved into some kind of business activity and have some goals and wishes – you are compelled to have a deal with others, without possibility to stand out from communication. Business communication involves exchange of information within an organizational setup. It is a continuous process. The more the business expands, the greater is the pressure on the business to find more effective means of communication both with the employees and with the society at large. Business communication is both written and oral. Written communication is important to fix accountability and responsibility of people in organization. This requires more of written communication (much of paper work). Everything should be communicated in written form by the manager to the people in the organization. Written messages can be saved for future references and cannot be denied. Written communication has great significance in today’s business world. It is an innovative activity of the mind. Effective written communication is essential for preparing worthy promotional materials for business development. Speech came before writing. But writing is more unique and formal than speech. Effective writing involves careful choice of words, their organization in correct order in sentences formation as well as cohesive composition of sentences. Also, writing is more valid and reliable than speech. But while speech is spontaneous, writing causes delay and takes time as feedback is not immediate. The object of this course paper is written business communication. The subject is grammatical and stylistic peculiarities of business written interaction. The aim is to explore the peculiarities of business communication in wide meaning in order to understand all the peculiarities of such type of communication and its necessity in modern world. In accordance with the aim of investigation the following tasks were set: âÅ"“ To define the concept of business communication; âÅ"“ To analyze the most frequent types of written business communication and to explore them; âÅ"“ To subscribe linguistic and sociocultural peculiarities of the style of business documents. Chapter I Characteristic Features of Business Communication 1. Functional Styles and their Classification Functional styles of language are a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication. Functional styles are thus to be regarded as the product of a certain concrete task set by the sender of the massage. Functional Styles appears mainly in the literary standard of a language. The literary standard of the English language, like that of any other developed language, is not so homogeneous as it may seem. In fact the standard literary English language in the course of its development has fallen into several subsystems each of which has acquired its own peculiarities which are typical of the given functional style. The members of the language community, especially those who are sufficiently trained and responsive to language variations, recognize these styles as independent wholes. The peculiar choice of language means is primarily predetermined by the aim of the communication with the result that a more or less closed system is built up. One set of language media stands in opposition to other sets of language media with other aims, and these other sets have other choices and arrangements of language means. Functional styles are also called registers or discourses. In the standard  literary English we distinguish the following major functional styles are distinguished: 1. The language of belles – letters. 2. The language of publicistic literature. 3. The language of newspapers. 4. The language of scientific prose. 5. The language of official documents. As it has already been mentioned, functional styles are the product of the development of the written variety of language. Each functional style may be characterized by a number of distinctive features, leading or subordinate, constant or changing, obligatory or optional. Most of the functional styles however, are perceived as independent wholes due to a peculiar combination and interrelation of features common to all (especially when taking into account syntactical arrangement) with the leading ones of each functional style. Each functional style is subdivided into a number of substyles. Each variety has basic features common to all the varieties of the given functional style and peculiar features typical of this variety along. Still a substyle can, in some cases, deviate so far from the invariant that in its extreme it may even break away. We clearly perceive the following substyles of the fire functional style given above. The belles-lettres functional style is subdivided into: a) the language style of poetry; b) the language style of emotive prose; c) the language style of drama. The publicistic functional style comprises the following substyles: a) the language style of oratory; b) the language style of essays; c) the language style of feature articles in newspapers and journals. The newspaper functional style falls into: a) the language style of brief news items and communiques; b) the language style of newspaper headings; c) the language style of notices and advertisements. The scientific prose functional style also has three divisions: a) the language style of humanitarian sciences; b) the language style of â€Å"exact† sciences; c) the language style of popular scientific prose. The official document functional style can be divided into four varieties: a) the language style of diplomatic documents; b) the language style of business documents; c) the language style of legal documents; d) the language style of military documents. The classification presented here is by no means arbitrary. It is the result of long and minute observations of factual material in which not only peculiarities of language usage were taken into account but also extralinguistic data, in particular the purport of the communication. The classification of functional styles is not a simple matter and any discussion of it is bound to reflect more than one angle of vision. Thus, for example, some stylicists consider that newspaper articles (including feature articles) should be classed under the functional style of newspaper language, not under the language of publicistic literature. Others insist on including the language of everyday – life discourse into the system of functional styles. Prof. Budagov singles out only two main functional styles: the language of science and that of emotive literature. It is inevitable, of course, that any classification should lead to some kind of simplification of the facts classified, because items are considered in isolation. More over, sub-styles assume, as it were, the aspect of closed systems. But no classification, useful though it may be from the theoretical point of view, should be allowed to blind us as to the conventionality of classification in general. 1.2 Peculiarities of the Style of Official Documents The style of official documents aims at establishing, developing and controlling business relations between individuals and organizations. Like their styles of language, this style has a definite communicative aim and, accordingly, has its own system of interrelated language and stylistic means. The main aim of this type of communication is to state the conditions binding two parties in an undertaking. These parties may be: this state and a citizen, or citizen and citizen; a society and its members (statute or ordinance); two or more enterprises or bodies (business correspondence or  contracts); two or more governments (pacts, treaties); a person in authority and a subordinate (order, regulations, instructions, authoritative directives); a board or presidium and an assembly or general meeting (procedures acts, minutes). The aim of communication in this style of language is to reach agreement between two contracting parties. Even protest against violations of statutes, contracts, regulations, can also be regarded as a form by which normal cooperation is sought on the basis of previously attained concordance. The most general function of the style of official documents predetermines the peculiarities of the style. The most striking, though not the most essential feature, is a special system of clichà ©s, terms and set expressions by which each sub-style can easily be recognized. For example: I beg to inform you, provisional agenda, the above – mentioned, on behalf of, private advisory, Pear Sir, we remain, your obedient servants†¦ In fact, each of the subdivisions of this style has its peculiar terms, phrases and expressions, which differ from the corresponding terms, phrases and expressions of other variants of this style. Thus in finance we find terms like extra revenue, taxable capacities liability to profit fax. Terms and phrases like high contracting parties, to ratify an agreement, memorandum, protectorate, extra – territorial status will immediately brand the utterance as diplomatic. In legal language, examples are: to deal with a case, summary procedure; a body of judges; as laid down in. Like wise, other varieties of official language have their special nomenclature, which is conspicuous in the text and therefore easily discernible as belonging to the official language style. Besides the special nomenclature characteristic of each variety of the style, there is a feature common to all these varieties – the use of abbreviations, conventional symbols and contractions, for example: Ltd – Limited, B/E – bill of exchange, Gvt – government, Appx – appendix, $ – dollar, â‚ ¤ – pound†¦ Words with emotive meaning are not to be found in the style of official documents. Even in the style of scientific prose some words may be found which reveal the attitude of the writer, his individual evaluation of the facts and events of the issue. But such words are not to be found in official style, except those which are used in business letters as conventional phrases of greeting or close, as Dear Sir, yours faithfully. Almost every official document has its own compositional design. Pacts and statutes, orders and minutes, notes and memoranda – all have more or less definite forms, and it will not be an exaggeration to state that the form of the document is itself informative, inasmuch as it tells something about the matter dealt with (a letter, an agreement, an order†¦) Chapter II Peculiarities of Written Interaction 2.1 Types of Written Business Communication Written communication involves any type of interaction that makes use of the written word. Communication is a key to any endeavor involving more than one person. Communicating through writing is essential in the modern world and is becoming ever more so as we participate in what is now commonly called the information age. In fact, written communication is the most common form of business communication. It is essential for small business owners and managers to develop effective written communication skills and to encourage the same in all employees. The information age has altered the ways in which we communicate and placed an increasing emphasis on written versus oral communications. The ever-increasing use of computers and computer networks to organize and transmit information means the need for competent writing skills is rising. Dr. Craig Hogan, a former university professor who now heads an online school for business writing, receives hundreds of inquiries each month from manager s and executives requesting help with improving their own and their employees’ writing skills. Dr. Hogan explains, in an article entitled â€Å"What Corporate America Can’t Build: A  Sentence,† that millions of people previously not required to do a lot of writing on the job are now expected to write frequently and rapidly. According to Dr. Hogan, many of them are not up to the task. â€Å"E-mail is a party to which English teachers have not been invited. It has companies tearing their hair out.† Survey results from The National Commission on Writing study back up this assessment. They found that a third of employees in the nation’s â€Å"blue chip† companies write poorly and are in need of remedial writing instruction. The need to develop good writing skills is only highlighted by the fact that in the information age, it is not uncommon to have business relationships with customers and suppliers that are established and maintained exclusively through the use of written communications. In this environment, â€Å"the words we write are very real representations of our companies and ourselves. We must be sure that our e-mail messages are sending the right messages about us,† explained Janis Fisher Chan, author of E-Mail: A Write It Well Guide-How to Write and Manage E-Mail in the Workplace, in an article appearing in Broker Magazine. The key to communication, of course, is to convey meaning in as accurate and concise a manner as possible. People do not read business memoranda for the pleasure of reading. They do so in order to receive instructions or information upon which to base decisions or take action. Therefore, highly literary prose is not desirable in business writing. Overly formal prose may also be counterproductive by seeming stand-offish or simply wordy. A style of writing that is too informal can also convey an unintended message, namely that the subject matter is not serious or not taken seriously by the sender. A straightforward, courteous tone is usually the best choice but one that may not come naturally without practice. Advantages and disadvantages of written communication Written communication has great significance in today’s business world. It is an innovative activity of the mind. Effective written communication is essential for preparing worthy promotional materials for business development. Speech came before writing. But writing is more unique and formal than speech. Effective writing involves careful choice of words, their organization in correct order in sentences formation as well as cohesive composition of sentences. Also, writing is more valid and reliable  than speech. But while speech is spontaneous, writing causes delay and takes time as feedback is not immediate. Written forms of communication have several advantages and disadvantages. One advantage is that written messages do not have to be delivered on the spur of the moment; instead, they can be edited and revised several times before they are sent so that the content can be shaped to maximum effect. Another advantage is that written communication provides a permanent record of the messages that have been sent and can be saved for later study. Since they are permanent, written forms of communication also enable recipients to take more time in reviewing the message and providing appropriate feedback. For these reasons, written forms of communication are often considered more appropriate for complex business messages that include important facts and figures. Other benefits commonly associated with good writing skills include increased customer/client satisfaction; improved interorganizational efficiency; and enhanced image in the community and industry. There are also several potential pitfalls associated with written communication, however. For instance, unlike oral communication, wherein impressions and reactions are exchanged instantaneously, the sender of written communication does not generally receive immediate feedback to his or her message. This can be a source of frustration and uncertainty in business situations in which a swift response is desired. In addition, written messages often take more time to compose, both because of their information-packed nature and the difficulty that many individuals have in composing such correspondence. Many companies, however, have taken a proactive stance in addressing the latter issue. Mindful of the large number of workers who struggle with their writing abilities, some firms have begun to offer on-site writing courses or enrolled employees in business writing workshops offered by professional training organizations, colleges, and community education programs. 2.2 Business Letters, their Types and Components Business communication is a permanent means of communication and is much easier understanding then oral means of communication. Good written communication contributes to success of an organization. It helps in  building goodwill of an organization. Written business communication includes letters, memoranda, agenda, manuals, reports etc. 1. Business Letters: A very large part of the business of the world is conducted by means of correspondents. Therefore it is extremely important to be able to write good business letters – letters that represent one’s self and one’s organization to best advantage. Writing good business letter is a matter of detailed and often quite specialized technique, which is not so complicated as you may have been let to fear. All you need is a supply of visiting cards, some good paper, a pen, a computer and a little good will. It must have a good appealing layout. The content of the letter should be clear in mind of the writer. The letter must be divided into paragraphs. It must have subject written and should be enclosed in an envelope. It should be surely used for future reference. It should be carefully written as it has an impact on goodwill of the organization. Examples of Business letters are – sales letters, information letters, problem letters etc. 2. Memoranda: Memos are generally short means of written communication within an organization. They are used to convey specific information to the people within an organization. 3. Reports: A report is prepared after lot of investigation. Whatever observations are made, an account of them is written in the report. Reports are important for analyzing the performance of the organization. It helps in taking important decisions within an organization. 4. Agenda: Agenda is an outline about all the contents of the meeting. It tells what is the purpose of the meeting and where are the participants heading. While designing an agenda one should be very specific. Designing an agenda beforehand helps the people to come prepared for the meeting. 5. Electronic Mail. Electronic mail, commonly known as email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today’s email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to an email server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages. The most popular type of written business communication is letter. Letter writing is an art. A letter on one topic can be written in different styles with the help of various formats. Writing a letter is a difficult task for some because of format used for writing. The letter has to have following parts. They are date, name and address of sender and receiver, salutation, main body and complimentary closure. When all these parts are combined together then you will get a well drafted letter. Writing as well as receiving a letter is always special. A Letter is a platform where you can express your innermost feelings in a straightforward manner. Business letters and personal letters are two types of letters. For all official and formal situations, you write business letter whereas letters written to friends, relatives, acquaintances are personal letters. Both follow the same format only the difference lies in the language used for writing. In business letters, formal language is used and situations discussed are work related. In personal letters language is informal and you discuss personal and intimate topics. A commercial business letter is a letter written in formal language, usually used when writing from one business organization to another, or for correspondence between such organizations and their customers, clients and other external parties. The overall style of letter will depend on the relationship between the parties concerned. There are many reasons to write a business letter. It could be to request direct information or action from another party, to order supplies from a supplier, to identify a mistake that was committed, to reply directly to a request, to apologize for a wrong or simply to convey goodwill. Even in our modern days, the business letter is still very useful because it produces a permanent record, is confidential, formal and delivers persuasive, well-considered messages The most common types of business letter include: 1. Acknowledgement Letter: This type of letter is written when you want to acknowledge some one for his help or support when you were in trouble. The letter can be used to just say thanks for something you have received from some one, which is of great help to you. 2. Apology Letter: An apology letter is written for a failure in delivering the desired results. If the  person has taken up a task and he fails to meet the target then he apologizes and asks for an opportunity to improve in this type of letter. 3. Appreciation Letter: An appreciation letter is written to appreciate some one’s work in the organization. This type of letter is written by a superior to his junior. An organization can also write an appreciation letter to other organization, thanking the client for doing business with them. 4. Complaint Letter: A complaint letter is written to show one that an error has occurred and that needs to be corrected as soon as possible. The letter can be used as a document that was used for warning the reader. 5. Inquiry Letter: The letter of inquiry is written to inquire about a product or service. If you have ordered a product and yet not received it then you can write a letter to inquire when you will be receiving it. 6. Order Letter: This letter is as the name suggests is used for ordering products. This letter can be used as a legal document to show the transaction between the customer and vendor. 7. Letter of Recommendation: This type of letter is written to recommend a person for a job position. The letter states the positive aspects of the applicant’s personality and how he/she would be an asset for the organization. Letter of recommendation is even used for promoting a person in the organization. There are several points that will help one in drafting a busines s letter: †¢ Make sure that you type the letter. It should not be handwritten. †¢ Always use a letter head to write a formal letter. †¢ If you don’t have a letter head, then type your name, designation and address at the top of the page. †¢ Mentioning the date in a letter is a must as it serves the purpose of reference in further letter regarding the same topic. †¢ After the date, you need to write the full name, designation and full address of the recipient. †¢ Then you need to insert greeting to the person whom the letter is written. You have to use formal language. Take a look at this example: Dear Mr. Brown, †¢ Now, you can actually begin to write the main message of the letter. In the first paragraph, you have to introduce yourself if the receiver does not know you. You could begin with a sentence like â€Å"We had recently met in a conference†, or â€Å"I had purchased a SIP from your company two months back.† †¢ After that you have to clearly mention the purpose of the letter. The purpose may  be to lodge a complaint, request for information, compliment a product or service provided, discussing a business deal etc. You have to be brief and precise. †¢ In the end of the letter, you have a complimentary close. The words that are included: Sincerely, thanking you, regards, etc. †¢ The last thing is you need to type your name and sign the letter. †¢ The letter should be printed in a readable font. Business letter has a specific format. The letter is different from other forms of communication because of the format in which it is presented. The letter has a beginning, middle and an ending. All the areas of the letter have to be organized logical so that the letter is clear, complete and cohesive. A letter has different parts. All the parts have to be neatly drafted so that a meaningful letter is created. The block format is the most popular format of the business letter where all the matter is aligned to the left side and uses single spacing. The letter includes the following parts: †¢ Letterhead: The formal business letter should always begin with letterhead. Every organization has a letterhead used for all official correspondence. One have to begin the letter on the letter head of the company. The letter head gives the receiver an idea about who has sent the letter. †¢ Date: The date has to be written exactly below the letter head. The date is important part of a letter and can be used as a reference. The date has to be written in full with day, month and year. For example: 25 December 2011 or December 20, 2011 †¢ Receiver’s Address: The next important part is the receiver’s address. One need to include the name of the receiver, his designation and complete address. The inside address and the address on the envelope should always be same. †¢ Salutation: This is the opening line of the letter. It should begin with a greeting. In a formal business letter, one need to write dear followed by Mr./Ms with his or her name. It looks unprofessional, when a writer includes only the first name of the person. †¢ Body: In the first line itself, a writer has to mention the message of his letter. The letter should be able to convey the message directly to the reader. The letter has no place for unnecessary words. It has to be concise but informative. The letter should consist of paragraphs. Each new point should have separate paragraph. The last paragraph should sum  up the letter and ask the receiver to do an action based on the letter. †¢ Complimentary Closure: In the end of the letter one have to use complimentary close. One can use words like â€Å"Yours faithfully†, â€Å"Yours sincerely†. Comma has to be included after the close. A writer has to insert his/her full name at the end leaving few spa ces to sign the letter. After this is done a writer can include the enclosures. Stylistic and Lexical Peculiarities of Business Letter The layout of the business letter differs in some respect from that of the personal letter. Not only the sender’s address is given (as in personal letter) but also the name and address of the person or organization to which the letter is being send. This is written on the left-hand side of the page against the margin slightly lower than the date (which is on the opposite side). It should be the same as the name and address on the envelope. A letter written to a man should be add – reseed to, for example, Mr. D. Smith or to D. Smith Esq. (Esquire). A letter to a woman, should be addressed to, for example, Mrs. C. Jones or Mrs. C. Jones. If you do not know the name of the person for from your letter is intended you may address it directly to the company, e.g.: The Branded Boot Co. Ltd., 5 Rubberheel Road, Wellingborough, Northants, England. Co. and Ltd. Are the usual abbreviations for Company and Limited. However it’s better to address your letter to some individual – The Managing Director, the Personnel Manager, The Secretary, The Branch Manager, The Export Manager – followed by the name of the company. If the person you are writing to is known to you, you should begin with, for example, Dear Mr. Thompson, Dear Mrs. Warren, etc. Otherwise you should begin Dear Sir (S), Dear Madam, or Gentlemen. The body of the business letter usually includes: a) Reference, b) Information, c) Purpose, d) Conclusion. You should begin your letter with a reference to a letter you have received, an advertisement you have seen, or an even which has prompted the writing of your letter. It is sometimes necessary to add some detailed information related to the reference, in a subsequent paragraph. The generally accepted way of writing the data is the following: October 17,200__ 17 October,200__ October 19th ,200__ 19th October,200__ The subject line is typed immediately below the salutation in the center. It helps to ensure that the letter is passed without delay to the right person or department : Dear Sir, Your order # 0072/98 Purpose is the most important part of the letter, where you are expected to state clearly and concisely all the questions that you have been asked. As business letter are written on behalf of a firm, use ‘we’ and ‘our’ instead of ‘my’ and ‘I’. Do not use the short forms ‘we’ll’ ,’we’ve’ in all formal and business letters. Extra spacing is used between paragraphs to separate different points more effectively. Try to use short sentences and short paragraphs because it is easier to read and understand . Conclusion usually consists of some polite remark to round the letter off. Then usually follows the complimentary close. If you begin your letter with Dear Sir (s) or Dear Madam you may and it with the words â€Å"Your faithfully†. If you address a person by name the words â€Å"Yours sincerely † are preferable. There is a modern tendency however to use â€Å"Yours sincerely † even to people you have never met. The signature: sing you name clearly, in full, as it should appear on the envelope of the letter addressed to you. If there are enclosures, the word ’Encl:’ is typed at the bottom left-hand corner, with a short description of the enclosure. The postscript (P.S.) should be avoided. But sometimes ‘it has a definite, planned function. It is designed to draw special attention, to emphasize a  point made elsewhere in letter, or to make a special offer. Sometimes it may serve as a reply to a further letter that has come in after the letter had been completed. 2.3 Modern Means of Business Communication People have always tried to convey information. Now, they send letters and documents by post, by fax, by computer and they make phone calls from home or the office or, thanks to mobile phones, from wherever they happen to be. The list of services, thanks to advanced technology, is long and presumably will grow. People can phone and fax from trains and planes. They can buy things, carry out financial transactions, get information – all without leaving their chairs. This is the global information age. The worldwide computer network known as the Internet connects millions of people worldwide. It connects many computer networks and uses common addressing system. The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Using e-mail, you can send messages to anyone with an internet account. Most businesses today have electronic address because e-mail provides cheap and rapid communication. Since the mid-1990s electronic commerce has become one of the most rapidly growing retail sectors involving the use of computer telecommunication networks for maintaining business relationships and selling information, services and commodities. Although e-commerce usually refers only to the trading of goods and services over the Internet, it actually includes broader economic activity such as business-to-consumer and business-to-business commerce as well as internal organizational transactions that support these activities. A new form of collaboration known as a virtual company is flourishing now. This type of company is actually- a network of firms, each performing some of the processes needed to manufacture a product or deliver a service. E-mail is cheap and easy to use. E-mail is the transmission and distribution of information through personal computers linked to the telephone system, which allows subscribers to send a message directly to another subscriber that will appear in their electronic mail box. Computer use continues to grow and develop in all spheres of our life. Its applications have had a great impact on the business world. Computers have helped society by increasing productivity and simplifying many services, such as checking,  credit cards, and telephone service. Electronic Mail Once a person gets comfortable with e-mail, it may seem like the only communication method needed. However, written media are preferred and necessary in many cases as previously described. In many ways, e-mail messages are formatted and look similar to memos. Most of the e-mail heading portion is quite simple, most of it being handled by the e-mail program itself. The address of the recipient is filled in; addresses for those to receive copies are filled in; and a brief phase indicating the contents or purpose is added. After typing in the body of the message, an additional formatting element to add to a professional e-mail communications is a â€Å"signature†. Construct a signature containing your full name, title, company name, e-mail addresses, regular mailing address, telephone number, and other such detail. As for style in e-mail messages, here are some suggestions: 1. Typos and Mistakes. There is some controversy about how much to worry about writing mistakes in e-mail. Except for very formal electronic communications, most people disregard or even expect occasional writing glitches in the e-mail they send or receive. However, e-mail messages can be proofread and edited as easily as most other written documents. Sloppiness in writing can become a bad habit. 2. Formality. The tone of e-mail communications is generally informal. E-mail messages are normally rather short, for example, under a dozen lines, and the paragraphs are short as well. No one likes having to do a lot of extended reading on a computer screen. 3. Specific Subject Lines. If you want your e-mail to be read and have the impact you intend, make the subject line specific and compel ling. It is not uncommon for people to log-in and find 50 messages waiting. 4. Format. Whenever possible, break the message into paragraphs of less than six or seven lines and skip an extra line between them. Use only the characters on the keyboard; anything else may not format properly when the recipient views it. Use headings to identify and mark off the various subtopics. If there is a series of points, use the various forms of lists that are available. 5. Automatic Replies. The reply function in e-mail is a wonderful time-saver. However, e-mail is often addressed to multiple recipients. Know for sure that you want all listed recipients to receive the message. Particularly be careful with replying to group list-serves. It can be highly embarrassing for a sensitive message to go to unintended parties. Thus, sensitive topics probably should not be discussed via e-mail. Remember that e-mail can be quickly forwarded to a huge audience. Memoranda A memorandum can be used for most communications internal to an organization with the exception of possibly a full formal report. A memo might contain a status or progress report on a project; it might be a request to an employee to provide information; or it might be the employee’s response to a request for information. Thus, a memo can be very much like a business letter, or it can be very much like a short report. The key is the memorandum format. The memo format is commonly used for progress reports that are required in some engineering courses at ASU. These progress reports in memo format may have attachments as with a business letter. If longer than one page, memo progress reports should have subheading to help organize and present the information. For example, a progress report on a design project might have subheadings for an introduction, accomplishments, future work, and problems. The main header words in the memorandum format are usually in al l capital letters and are now commonly shown in bold type for appearance. 1. MEMO Heading. In most cases, the word â€Å"MEMORANDUM† is placed at the top, center of the first page. The font size is usually slightly larger than that of the text and other header words, and some provide a space between each letter of the word. 2. DATE Heading. The date used for the memo should be somewhere in the header. The example shown by Figure No. 3 shows the date as the first line, but in some designs, it may be a subsequent line. 3. TO Heading. The name of the recipient or the group name is shown following the TO: heading. Use appropriate names and titles, such as â€Å"Susie†, â€Å"Susie Jacques†, or â€Å"Mrs. Susie Jacques, Executive Secretary†, depending on your familiarity with the recipient and the formality of the situation. 4. COPIES Heading. If copies are sent to others, this heading should also be used. List the names and titles of those receiving copies of the memo. 5. FROM Heading. The sender’s name or the name of the group is placed on this line. The familiarity with the recipient and the sense of the formality dictate how the sender is addressed. In many organizations, the writer of the memo places their initials or first name just after the typed name. 6. SUBJECT Heading. A brief phrase that encapsulates the topic and purpose of the memo is placed in this space. Generally, the first letter of each word in the phrase is capitalized, and there is no punctuation at the end. The actual label for this element varies; some styles use â€Å"RE:† or â€Å"SUBJ:† Most of the rules that apply to business letters also apply to the body of a memo. For example, text should be single spaced with double spacing between paragraphs. In more formal styles of memoranda, writers actually insert the same kind of complimentary close and signature block as used for  business letters. For continuing pages, some type of header is appropriate with the name of the recipient, date, and page number shown. Conclusion So, we defined the concept of business communication and we can surely say, that it takes a huge part in our life. Business communication is very important for every businessman, because communication with business partners, employees, clients is the ground of their success. Written communication is more frequently used type of communication in business life. An exceptional business writing skill is very important in any type of business. Clients frequently base the company’s credibility on the quality of their business communications. These people tend to have negative view of businesses that disseminate written materials with errors or businesses that use vague phrases and misspell names. Written communication allows businesses to communicate developments, expectations and legalities to employees and contacts in the outside world. While traditional hard copies of written communication in business are still prevalent, email and online communication has become increasingly common. In this course paper we studied and described the peculiarities of business writing – letters, e-mail, memoranda. We clarified the main structural parts of business writing documents, which always are bound by certain accepted standards. Good business letter must be well-planed and built. It is very important to follow the standardized structure of the letter and corresponding language.